Marine Electrotechnology (MET)

• EMF, P.D and Current

• The Electrical Circuit

• Unit of Electrical Parameter and Formula Chart

• Ohm's Law

• Kirchhoff's Law

• Kirchhoff's Current Law

• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

• Simple Series and Parallel Circuits Involving E.M.F, Current and Resistance

• Series and Parallel Circuits

• You must take the quiz only after you study the eBook contents in this chapter, including watching the videos. The self-assessment quizzes are drawn from the complete chapter. Please take this as often

• Example Problems

• DC Sources in Series

• DC Sources in Parallel

• Non-linear Resistors

• Power and Energy

• Work, Power and Energy

• Problems - Work, Power, Energy and Efficiency

• Resistivity or Specific Resistance

• Temperature Coefficient of a Resistance

• Resistance of a Conductor

• Effect of Length, Area and Material on Resistance

• D.C. Wire Distribution System

• Types and properties of Insulation

• Wheatstone Network Bridge

• Slide Wire Bridge

• Applications to Steering Gears

• Resistance Pyrometers

• Resistive Strain Gauge

• Network Elements

• Active and Passive

• Bilateral and Unilateral

• Linear and Non-Linear Networks

• Lumped and Distributed Networks

• Analysis of Circuits

• Source Transformation

• Thevenin's Theorem – DC Circuits

• Thevenin's Theorem – AC Circuits

• Norton's Theorem – DC Circuits

• Norton's Theorem – AC Circuits

• Superposition Theorem

• Reciprocity Theorem

• Millman’s Theorem

• Mesh Analysis

• Node Analysis

• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• Tellegen's theorem

• Cramer's Rule

• Datasheets

• Electrolytic action and secondary cells

• Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation Applied to Common Solutions

• Electrochemical Cells

• Basics of Electrochemistry

• Introduction to Electrochemical Cells

• Galvanic Cells

• Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential

• Single Electrode Potential

• Nernst Equation and Gibbs Energy

• Use of Electrolysis

• Secondary Cells (acid or alkaline) - Construction and Principles

• Basics of Batteries

• Introduction to Batteries

• Primary Cells and Secondary Cells

• Internal Resistance

• Cells in Series and in Parallel

• MF and Current flow in Cells

• Voltage or PD-Analogy of water tank

• Primary Cells

• Alkaline Battery

• Dry cell

• Lead Acid Battery

• Valve Regulated Lead Acid Cell

• Nickel Cadmium (Ni-cd) batteries

• Sealed Ni-cd battery

• Lithium Batteries

• Aluminium Batteries

• Solar battery

• Fuel cells

• Applications of large batteries onboard ship

• Maintenance

• Battery Failure

• Reversal of Cell Polarity

• Maintenance of Battery

• Battery Life

• Battery Troubleshooting

• Safety Precautions regarding Batteries

• First Aid

• Personal Protective Equipment

• Battery Chargers and their Troubleshooting

• Battery Efficiencies and Ratings

• Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Simple Magnetic Circuit

• Simple Magnetic Theory

• Types of Magnets

• Properties of Magnets

• Magnetic Field and Field Lines

• Geomagnetism

• Magnetic Declination and Dip

• Magnetic Moment and Magnetic Dipole

• Factors that Affect the Strength of an Electromagnet

• Magnetic Field due to Current in Straight Conductors, Coils and Solenoids

• Introduction to Biot-Savart Law

• Ampere's Circuital Law

• Magnetic Induction Due to Infinitely Long Straight Conductor Carrying Current

• Magnetic Induction along the Axis of a Circular Coil Carrying Current

• Magnetic Field due to Current in Solenoid

• Direction of Electrically Induced Magnetic Field

• Electromagnetic Induction

• Direction of Electrically Induced Magnetic Field (2)

• electromagnetic Induction (2)

• Lenz's Law

• Magnitude and Direction of Induced E.M.F Produced on a Current Carrying Conductor

• Magnitude of Induced EMF

• Direction of Induced EMF - Fleming's Right-Hand Rule

• Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

• Hysteresis

• Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

• Magnetic Permeability

• Reluctance

• Analysis of Magnetic Circuit

• Typical BH and µB Circuit

• Alternating Current Theory

• Alternating Current Theory (2)

• Waveform Definition

• Amplitude Instantaneous

• RMS Value

• Average Value

• Form Factor

• Phasor Representation and Phase Difference of A.C. Quantities

• Inductor, Inductance and its Effect on the Circuit

• Inductors

• Self Inductance

• Mutual Inductance

• Types and Uses of Inductors

• Inductance

• AC Circuits with Inductors

• Capacitor, Capacitance and its Effect on the Circuit

• Introduction

• Capacitor and Capacitance

• Parallel Plate Capacitor and Spherical Capacitor

• Effect of Dielectric Medium on Capacitance and Permittivity

• Types of Capacitors

• Charging and Discharging of Capacitors

• Colour Coding of a Capacitor

• Application of the Capacitor

• Capacitance

• AC Circuits with Capacitor and Other Components

• Simple Series and Parallel Circuits

• Series - Parallel Connections of Inductors

• Series- Parallel Combination of Capacitors

• Relationship between Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

• A.C Series RL Circuit

• A.C Parallel RL Circuit

• RC Series Circuit

• RC Parallel

• A.c Series RLC Circuit

• A.C Parallel RLC Circuit

• Power Factor

• Power in Single Phase A.C. Circuit

• Instruments

• Qualitative Treatment of the Principles and Function of A.C and D.C Indicating Instruments

• Moving Iron Instruments

• Moving Coil Instruments

• Galvanometer, Internal Structure of Ammeter and Voltmeter

• Dynamo Watt-Meter

• Induction Instruments

• Ohmmeter Method

• Measurement of Energy in Single Phase Circuits

• Frequency Meter

• Measurement of Power Factor

• Multimeter

• Tong Tester

• Megger

• Phase-Sequence Indicator

• Synchroscope

• Oscilloscope

• Working Principle

• Control and Function

• Calibration

• Qualitative Treatment of the Principles and Function of Relays

• Protection Schemes

• Principles, Need and Testing of Protective Schemes

• Nature and Causes of Faults

• Types of Faults

• Methods of Grounding

• Zones of Protection

• Essential Qualities of Protection

• Protection Scheme

• Preferential Tripping Scheme

• Primary and Back-up Protection

• Fault Levels

• Fault Level Calculations

• Symmetrical Components

• Co-ordination of Protection Relays

• Electromagnetic Relays

• Operating Principles of Relays

• Universal Relay

• R-X Diagram

• Torque Equation

• Types of Electromagnetic Relays

• Over Current, Voltage and Impedance Relays

• Directional Relay

• Principles of Distance Protection

• Principle of Differential relay

• Negative Phase Sequence (NPS) Relay

• Reverse Power Relay

• Under Frequency

• Principle of Operation of Other Types of Relays

• Fuses and Fuse Testing

• Apparatus Protection

• CTs, PTS and their Application in Protection Schemes

• Generator Protection - General

• Motor

• Single Phasing Protection

• Differential Protection

• Bus Bars

• Bus Bar Protection - Introduction

• Bus Protection Using Over Current Relays

• Remote Back-up Bus Protection by Second Zone of Distance Protection of Incoming Lines

• Bus-Protection by Directional Interlock or Comparison

• Bus Differential Protection

• High Impedance Differential Relay

• Protection of Sectionalized Buses

• Biased Differential Relay

• Check Type Bus Protection Relay

• Frame Leakage Bus Earth Fault Protection

• Interlocked Over Current Protection for Generator

• Location and Selection of CTs of Bus Protection

• Miscellaneous - Bus Bar Protection

• Bus-Bar Configurations

• Transmission Lines

• Distance Protection of Transmission Lines

• Power Line Carrier Aided Inter Tripping

• Auto Reclosing

• Static Relays and Numerical Protection

• Introduction to Static Relays

• Static Relays as Comparators - Comparison vs. Computation

• Amplitude Comparator

• Phase Comparator

• Duality between Amplitude and Phase Comparators

• Synthesis of Various Distance Relays Using Static Comparators

• Synthesis of Mho Relay Using Static Phase Comparator

• Synthesis of Reactance Relay Using Cosine-type Phase Comparator

• Synthesis of Simple Impedance Relay Using Amplitude Comparator

• Numerical Protection

• Functional Block Diagram and Working of Numerical Relay

• Numerical Overcurrent Relay - Block diagram

• Numerical Transformer Differential Relay - Block diagram

• Numerical Distance relays - Block diagram

• Comparison of Numerical Relay with Conventional relays

• Auxiliary Relays

• Types of Auxiliary Relays

• Monitoring Relays

• Timer Relay

• Lockout Relay

• Attracted Armature Relays

• Power Contactor and Relay Chatter

• Relay Reset and Contact Multiplication

• Use of Shunt and Series Resistance to Increase Range

• Range Extension of Ammeter

• Range Extension of Voltmeter

• Rectifiers

• Half Wave Rectifier

• Full Wave Rectifier

• Bridge Rectifier

• Transducers

• Transducers - Definition, Classification and Characteristics

• Thermistor

• Thermocouple

• Resistance Temperature Detector

• Capacitive Transducers

• Linear Variable Differential Transformer

• Tachometer

• Variable Reluctance Tachogenerator

• Stroboscopic Tachometer

• Permanent Magnet Tachometer

• Centrifugal Type Tachometer

• Chronometric Type Tachometer

• Hall Effect Current Sensor

• Piezoelectric Transducer

• Photo Conductive Cell

• Photo Emissive Cells

• Photo Diode

• Distribution Systems

• Systems of A.C. and D.C. Shipboard Installation

• Distributions in ship

• Switchboard and its Maintenance

• Two Wire and Three Wire D.C. Distribution

• A.C. Transmission - Single and Three Phase

• 2-Wire, 3-Wire and 4-Wire A.C. Distribution

• Selection of AC and DC Generators

• Merits and Demerits

• Testing Codes

• Earthing in ships

• MSB Distribution (add the content from MSB topic of ETO Unit 1.2. MGS 9-8-23)

• DBS Distribution

• HV and LV Distribution

• Power Distribution

• Grounded Power Distribution Systems

• Isolated (Ungrounded) Power Distribution Systems

• Electric Propulsion System

• Emergency Generator Onboard Ships

• Layout of Ships Electrical System

• Effect of voltage on lamp performance

• Electrical Survey Requirements

• Protective devices

• Fuses

• Working of Circuit Breaker

• Closing Control Scheme of Circuit Breaker

• Troubleshooting of Closing Scheme of CB

• Circuit Breaker Tripping Scheme

• Trip Circuit Supervision(CB-ON)

• Trip Circuit Supervision (CB-OFF)

• Physics of Arcing Phenomenon

• Arc Extinction in Circuit Breakers – D.C and A.C Circuit Breaking

• Restriking Voltage and Recovery Voltage

• Analysis of Fault Current and Fault Voltage During A.C. Faults

• Recovery Voltage and Restriking Voltage

• Rating and Selection of Circuit Breakers

• Types of Circuit Breakers

• MCBs, MCCBs and ELCBs

• DC Switchgear

• SF6 Circuit Breaker

• Properties of SF6 Gas and Working of SF6 Breakers

• SF6 Breaker Arrangement per Phase

• Advantages and Disadvantages

• Vacuum Circuit Breaker

• Oil Circuit Breaker

• Air Circuit Breaker

• Draw Out Air Circuit Breakers

• Air Blast Circuit Breaker

• Testing of Circuit Breaker

• Earth clamps

• Cable Material and Installation

• Maintenance of Cables

• Connection of Shore Supply (Insert the content from ETO Unit 1.2. topic Electrical power distribution board and electrical equipment sub topic ? shore supply in Master Ele Engg Unit Distribution system

• Types of D.C Motors - Series, Shunt and Compound Wound Motors

• Principle of Operation of D.C. Motor

• DC motor Constructional Details

• Characteristics of D.C Motors

• Torque - Current Characteristics of D.C Motors

• Speed - Current Characteristics of D.C Motors.

• Torque - Speed Characteristics of D.C motors

• Reversing of D.C Motor

• D.C Motors for Deck Machineries

• DC motor Protection

• Protection of D.C. Generators

• Types of D.C. Generators - Series, Shunt and Compound Wound

• Need for and Types of Starter

• Protection using 2 Point Starter

• 3 Point Starter

• Speed and Torque Equations

• Speed control of direct current motors

• Speed Control of DC Series Motor

• Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motors

• Armature Control Method

• Field Control Method

• Ward-Leonard Control

• Speed Control using SCR

• Principles, Constructional details and Protection of Direct Current series, shunt and compound wound generators

• Principle of D.C. Generators

• Theory and Principle

• Armature Reaction

• Construction of D.C. Generators

• Armature Winding

• Components of Armature Core and Terms Used in Relation To Armature windings

• Compensating winding

• Characteristics of D.C Generators

• Internal & External Characteristics of DC Generator

• Critical Resistance for Shunt Generator

• Tests on DC Generator

• Voltage Build-Up in D.C. Generators

• Load Performance Test

• E.M.F and Load Voltage Equations

• Series and Parallel Operation of D.C Generators

• Cyclo-converters (pl delete this topic from here since it is there under the topic, Specialised equipment.... MGS 24-9-22)

• Electrical Maintenance

• Introduction to Electrical Maintenance

• Insulation Resistance

• Measurement of IR Value

• Drying-Out of Electrical Windings - Break-down Strength of Insulation

• General

• Condition Based Monitoring

• Condition Based Maintenance

• Maintenance of Carbon Brushes

• Machinery Alignment

• Overhauling the Bearings

• Measuring Air Gaps

• Maintenance of Induction Motor

• Servicing a Universal Motor

• General Maintenance - Transformers

• Servicing Transformer's Breather

• Transformer Oil Test with Oil Testing Kit

• Rewinding of Small Transformer

• Active and Passive Safety System

• Isolating Electrical Equipment to Work Safely

• Terminal Identification

• Terminal Identification of 1-Phase Alternator

• Terminal Identification of 3-Phase Alternator

• Terminal Identification of a D.C Compound Motor

• Terminals Identification of a 1-Phase Induction Motor

• Terminal Identification of 3-Phase Induction Motor

• Rewinding

• Rewinding of the Field Coil of DC Motors

• Rewinding of the Armature of DC Motors - Growler

• Rewinding of a Split Phase Type Motor

• Rewinding a Ceiling Fan

• Rewinding a Table Fan

• Rewinding a Three Phase IM Single Layer Wound Motor

• Rewinding Of Double Layer Wound Motor

• Periodicity of the Maintenance Procedures

• Practical Operational Problems

• Typical Defects Likely to Happen in Electrical Devices and their Causes

• Failure of Exciter Voltage to Build Up

• Alternators not Accepting the Loads

• Electrical Motor not Starting Properly

• Overheating of Motor

• Operation and Maintenance Issues - A.C Motors

• Maintenance of RPS

• Maintenance of Busbar

• Safety requirements for working on shipboard electrical systems including safe isolation of electrical equipment

• Electric Shock

• Burns From Electrical Shock

• Regulations Governing High Voltage Installations in MarineOffshore

• Safety Regulations Regarding Work on High Voltage Installations

• Issue and Control of Safety Documentation (Procedures, Control and Policy)

• Dangers involved in working with electrical equipment and precautions

• Work Permits and Procedures for Preventing Accidents While Carrying Out Maintenance and Repair

• Safety Lockout Procedures, Key SafesMulti Hasp Locking Devices and Isolation Procedures

• Operation and Safety Features Associated with Live Working in HVS

• Use of High Voltage PPE

• High Voltage measuring, Instrumentation and testing equipment (Fixed and Portable)

• Polarization index and IR test procedures for High Voltage equipment

• Power Measurement Using CT and PT

• Alternate current machines

• Simple explanation of principles, constructional details and protection of alternators

• Introduction (2)

• EMF Equation

• Power angle

• Armature Reaction (2)

• Construction of Alternators

• Armature Winding (2)

• Distribution and Pitch factor

• Three Phase Generation in Alternators

• Star and delta connection

• Earthing of neutral alternators and unearthed neutral

• Rotors

• Damper Windings

• Speed, Frequency and Output waveform

• Fixed speed alternators

• Characteristics of Alternator

• Open and Short Circuit Characteristics

• Load Characteristics of 3 Phase Alternator

• Voltage Regulation of Alternators

• Excitation

• Excitation System using DC Exciter

• Brush-less Excitation

• Automatic Voltage Regulators

• Need for AVR in an Alternator

• Carbon pile regulator

• Vibrating contact and static automatic regulator

• AVR with Zener Bridge

• AVR Response

• Why protection is not provided for AVR

• Alternator Protection

• Overload Protection

• Negative Sequence or Unbalanced Protection

• Earth Fault Protection

• Differential Relay

• Reverse Power Relay

• Alternator Loss of Excitation Relay

• Frequency Protection

• Over Voltage and Under Voltage Protection in Generator

• Rotor Earth Fault, Pole Slip, Over Speed, Voltage Surges

• Protection of Synchronous Condensers

• Parallel running and synchronising theory

• Phase Sequence in A.C. System

• Phase sequence indicator

• Conditions to be Satisfied for Synchronizing

• Synchroscope (2)

• Lamp Methods to Check Synchronism

• Paralleling of or Synchronising Alternators

• Wrong Synchronization of Alternators

• Load Management of Paralleled Alternators

• Load Sharing of Alternators and Droop Control

• Changing generators

• P.F Management by Alternators

• Mitigation of Low Power Factor Problems

• Simple explanation of principles, constructional details and protection of Squirrel cage induction motor

• Construction of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

• Construction of Slip ring or Wound type Induction Motors

• Construction of Deep Bar Double Cage Induction Motor

• Single and Three Phase Squirrel Cage IM Principle

• Single Phase Induction Motor

• Components of Single Phase Induction motor

• Principle of Operation

• Equivalent Circuit

• Starting Methods of Single Phase Induction motor

• Split Phase Starting Method

• Shaded-Pole Starting Method

• Capacitor Start Induction Motor

• AC single speed and Induction motor drives

• Three Phase Induction Motor

• Principle of Operation of Three Phase A.C Motors

• Principle of Rotation of Rotor

• Types of Connections

• Reversing Three Phase Induction Motor

• Rotor frequency

• Rotor EMF and Current

• Relationship between Rotor IR loss and Rotor slip

• Types of Enclosures

• Load-torque Characteristics of A.C. Motors

• Speed Control Methods

• Speed Control and Braking System

• Speed Control by Auto-Transformer

• A.C. Motor Electronical Speed Control

• A.C. Motor Starters

• DOL Starter

• Auto Transformer Starter

• StarDelta Starter

• Soft Starting Method

• Starting with Slip Rings

• Jogging and Crawling

• Rotor Resistance Starter

• Protection of A.C. Motors

• Single Phasing Protection (2)

• Thermistor Protection

• Bimetal Protection

• Electromagnetic Protection

• Mechanical Protection

• Synchronous Motors A.C.

• Principle of Operation of Synchronous Motors

• Starting of Synchronous Motor Using Frequency Converter

• Starting of Synchronous Motor using Auto Transformer

• Load Characteristics of Synchronous Motor

• Merits and limits of synchronous motor over others

• Power Factor Improvement using Synchronous Motor

• Synchronous Condensers

• Torque Equation (2)

• V-Curves

• Hunting

• Operation of infinite bus bars torqueangle characteristics

• Other AC Motors

• Repulsion Type Motor

• AC Series Motor

• Universal Motor

• Effect of Varying Frequency and Voltage of A.C. Motors

• Speed, Temperature, Torque

• Power Output and Starting Time, Current.

• Deck Machineries - A.C Electric Motors and VFD

• Applications of A.C Motors

• Simple explanation of principles, constructional details and protection of Single phase transformers

• Principle

• Basic principle

• EMF Equation (2)

• Transformer Ratio

• Ideal Transformer

• Waveform & vector representation

• Transformer on No-load

• Equivalent circuit of transformers

• Effect of voltage and frequency changes in transformers

• Energy losses in transformers

• Construction of Transformers

• Construction of a simple transformer

• Types of transformers based on Core

• Types of transformers based on winding configuration

• Polarity of Windings - Dot convention

• Tap Changer Mechanism

• Construction of 3 phase transformers

• Centre-Tapped Transformers

• Transformer Oil

• Oil as insulation medium

• Types of transformer oil

• Properties of transformer oil

• 3 phase transformers

• Star and Delta Connections

• Open Delta Configuration

• Scott Connection

• Series Parallel Connections of Transformers

• Consequences of Wrong Parallel Connection of Transformers

• Auto-transformers

• Working principle (2)

• 2-winding transformer as autotransformer

• Autotransformer as a single unit

• Current and Potential Transformers

• Instrument Transformers

• Measurement of Current using CT

• Measurement of Voltage using PT

• Protection

• Buchholz Relay

• Pressure Device

• Overload and Short Circuit

• Differential Protection (2)

• Miscellaneous Protection

• Testing of Transformers

• Testing types

• Ratio Test

• Open Circuit Test

• Short Circuit Test

• Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

• All Day Efficiency of Transformers

• Winding Resistance

• Magnetising Current

• Polarity Test

• Phasing out test of 3-phase transformer

• Core balance or Magnetic Balance

• Testing of Condenser Bushings

• Testing of OLTC

• Marine transformers

• Special design needs of Marine Transformers

• Reasons for using air cooled transformers on ships

• Electronics

• Qualitative treatment of atomic structure and bonding

• Atomic Structure

• Covalent bonding

• Types Of Semiconductor

• Junction diodes

• Junction transistors and their operating characteristics

• Simple Transistor Circuits

• Transistor as an Amplifier

• Class A amplifiers

• Class B amplifiers

• Class AB amplifiers

• Common source JFET amplifier

• Elementary Treatment of Small Signal Amplifier

• Transistor as a Switch

• Transistor as an Oscillator

• Concept of feedback

• Types of Negative Feedback Amplifiers

• Positive feedback in sinusoidal oscillators

• Transistor Biasing and its Types

• Biasing

• Fixed bias

• Potential Divider Bias

• Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor

• Electronic Circuit Components

• Zener diode

• Introduction and Objectives

• Zener Diode (2)

• Zener Voltage Regulator

• Regulated Power Supply using Zener diode and Transistors

• IC Applications

• Voltage regulator IC using LM 317

• Voltage regulator IC using LM 723

• Operational Amplifier and its application in measurement and control of process parameters onboard ship

• Introduction to Operational amplifier

• Types of operational amplifier

• Inverting op-amp

• Non-inverting op-amp

• Integrator op-amp

• Differentiator op-amp

• Op-amp based rectifier

• IC 555 based – Timers, Alarms Siren Buzzers

• IC and LSI

• IC tester

• Power Semiconductor Devices

• Thyristor

• Characteristics Of Thyristor

• Application

• PMOSFET

• IGBT

• V-I, I-V, P-I and I-P Converters

• V-I Converter

• I-V Converter

• P-I Converter

• I-P Converter

• Identification of electronic components, cables and their usage

• Photoelectric Effect

• Hallwachs Experiment

• Laws of Photoelectric Emission

• Light Waves and Photons

• Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

• Photo Electric Devices

• LED

• LCD

• 7 Segment Display

• Overview

• Control Theory

• Control Theory (2)

• Pneumatic Control System

• Hydraulic Control System

• Electric Control System

• Electronic Control System

• Simple theory of all Control Systems

• Typical Control System in Ship

• Purpose of Control System

• Control System Onboard

• Bridge Control System in Ship

• Engine Room Control System in Ship

• Cargo Room Control System in Ship

• Control System Operations

• Watch-keeper Role

• Basic Procedures

• Electric Control Equipment

• Control Panel

• Rotary Selector Switch

• Location of Common faults and action to Prevent Damage

• Fault Detection

• Pneumatic Failure

• Electronic Failure

• Electric Failure

• Hydraulic Failure

• Causes and Remedies

• Programmable Logic Control

• Basics

• Introduction to PLC

• PLC history

• Constituent parts of the PLC and Size

• Response time of PLC

• Principles of operation

• PLC applications

• PLC Advantages

• PLC terminology

• Inputs

• Outputs

• Central processing unit

• Types of memory devices

• Programming

• Ladder logic

• Ladder logic diagrams

• PLC interfacing

• Programming cables in PLCs

• Parallel and serial communication

• Programming devices

• Dedicated desktops

• Hand-held programmers

• Computer programmers

• Operation

• Inputs and outputs

• Inputs and outputs (2)

• Input and Output modulescards

• Relays

• Safety

• Maintenance (2)

• PLC Fault finding

• PLC Troubleshooting

• Single phasing of alternate current motors

• Auto control system

• Control loop transmitter

• Controller and Desired value

• PID Control

• Proportional Controller

• Proportional Control System

• Controller

• Recovery After a Disturbance

• Integral Controller

• Integral Action

• Integral Action Time

• Expressing Integral Action

• Integral Control

• Two Term Controller (P-I Controller)

• Derivative Action

• Derivative Action Time

• Derivative Control

• Three Term Controller (P+I+D Controller)

• Basics and tuning of PID control

• FunctionSignal Generator

• Principle of Operation (2)

• Objectives of Using Signal Generators

• Analog to Digital Converters

• Logic gates

• Design representation

• Digital versus analog

• Basic Logic Gates

• Applications of Logic Gates to the Automated Use of Machinery on Board Ships

• Sequential Circuits

• Latches

• S-R latch

• Gated S-R latch

• D latch

• Flip flop

• Delay (D) and Toggle (T) Flip flops & Other flip flop variations

• Algorithmic state machine

• Algorithmic state machine chart

• Designing synchronous sequential circuit using ASM charts

• Fundamental mode sequential circuits

• Assigning output to different states

• Races and cycles

• Shift registers

• Serial-in to parallel-out

• Serial-in to serial-out

• Parallel-in to parallel-out

• Parallel-in to serial-out

• Universal shift register

• Combinational circuits

• Adders

• Half adder

• Full adder

• Ripple carry adder

• Carry look ahead adder

• BCD adder

• Subtractors

• Subtraction

• Parallel and Serial Subtractors

• Encoder and Decoder

• 2-bit encoder

• 2-bit priority encoder

• Decoder

• 1-bit magnitude comparator

• Multiplexer and demultiplexer

• Multiplexer

• Demultiplexer

• Implementation of combinational logic using MUX

• Read-only Memory (ROM)

• Programmable Logic Array (PLA)

• Programmable Array Logic (PAL)

• Hazards in combinational circuit

• Digital processing architecture

• Types of Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)

• Types of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)